Someone trying to send a phishing email could be directly rejected by SPF validation as they could be sending from a domain or IP address, which is not authorized as per the SPF record. This is the primary reason for which the SPF policy is set up in the first place. The first and foremost reason for error code 550 is any chance of malicious intrusion attempts. Here are the different possibilities that can give rise to ‘550 – Rejecting for sender policy framework’ error. There could be various other reasons that could be considered ‘false positives’ wherein some error could have occurred on the side of genuine entities themselves. When an email is rejected following a failure of the SPF authentication check, it doesn’t necessarily mean that there is a spoofing attempt by malicious actors involved.
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